Oning (depression and self-esteem), patient health beliefs (perceived …

Oning (depression and self-esteem), patient health beliefs (perceived illness severity and vulnerability), and family environment [73]. A recent study in postoperative breast cancer patients before pharmacist counseling for adjuvant systemic therapy at Nagumo Clinic in Tokyo revealed that fatigue, emotional functioning, systemic therapy side effects, future perspectives, and appetite loss are determinants affecting the quality of life. Takingthese factors into consideration will aid pharmacist education and counseling [74]. Treatment-related factors that may influence medication adherence include complexity of the regimen, the s40337-016-0117-z cost of therapy, the possibility of side effects, and the delay in treatment benefits. Meanwhile, patients may not have an adequate support system or an understanding of the need for medication, and providers may not fully succeed in communicating the importance of adherence and the types of side effects that may occur [75]. Many studies have repeatedly and consistently reported the beneficial role of clinical pharmacists and PMCs for cancer chemotherapy in oncology settings in the United States and other countries [21,22,76-82]. For instance, a cross-sectional survey revealed that patients are interested in visiting a pharmacist regularly 1-(4-Bromo-2-pyridyl)piperazine during chemotherapy treatment and may be willing to pay for a pharmacy counseling service [21]. A retrospective analysis of clinical interventions, cost-savings, and feedback from patients and colleagues confirmed the beneficial nature of services provided by clinical oncology pharmacists in an outpatient oncology center [22]. In 4-Bromo-5-nitro-1H-indazole a recent retrospective observational cohort study assessing the effectiveness of an oral chemotherapy management (OCM) clinic providing comprehensive medication therapy PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6967774 management (MTM) services, including education on PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9638577 various oral chemotherapy agents, concurrent medications, and symptom management as well as insurance assistance, it was indicated that this clinic is effective in delivering early interventions, resulting in decreased rates of adverse effects, nonadherence, drug interactions, and medication errors over time [78]. Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) represent significant side effects in cancer patients. Poorly controlled CINV can lead to a decrease in the quality of life of patients, and to a change in the chemotherapy regimen. A 4-month longitudinal prospective intervention study was conducted to analyze the effects of pharmaceutical care (reviewing the antiemetic protocol and giving some recommendations to patients) on the incidence of delayed CINV in adult cancer outpatients. It was concluded that pharmaceutical intervention by pharmacists reduces the incidence of delayed CINV and improves medication adherence [79]. Another report described a collaborative practice agreement between pharmacists and physicians as one approach to managing chemotherapy-induced anemia in hematology-oncology patients in an anemia clinic. The pharmacist's role was justified in this clinic model through increased adherence to evidence-based practice guidelines and decreased costs associated with erythropoietin-stimulating agent therapy [83]. Alternatively, it was indicated that health-system pharmacists played an important role in screening patients with a history of breast or prostate cancer for bone loss or osteoporosis, making drug therapy recommendations to address the problem, and counseling patients onYamada and Nabeshima Journal of Pharmace.